الرد على منتقدي منهجية ماسجوتوفا

نوع المستند : المقالة الأصلية

المؤلف

أخصائي تأهيل ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة

المستخلص

تعتبر منهجية ماسجوتوفا للتکامل العصبي الحسي الحرکي للمنعکسات منهجية علمية علاجية تأهيلية، وضعت أصولها وقواعدها الدکتورة سيفتلانا ماسجوتوفا، أستاذ علم النفس التطبيقي بجامعة روسيا، تعتمد فکرتها على إحداث التکامل العصبي/ الحسي/ الحرکي للمنعکسات الأولية غير الناضجة، من خلال نشاط تدريبي يدوي على أجزاء الجسم، وهو ما يؤدي إلى تحسُّن في قدراتهم الحرکية والانفعالية والمعرفية واللغوية والتعليمية. تقوم الفکرة العامة لمنهجية ماسجوتوفا على دعم عملية تکامل الأنماط الحرکية للمنعکسات الأولية، بغض النظر عن حالة الشخص أو عمره. وتعرَّف المنعکسات الأولية على أنها ردود فعل تلقائية للنظام العصبي عند وجود مثير معين، بشکل محدد قد يکون (لَمْسي، أو سمعي، أو بصري، أو دهليزي، أو حسي عميق، أو شمَّي)، تَظهر في صورة استجابة وضعية أو حرکية (أو إفراز للغد، أو حرکة بؤبؤ العين)، بهدف تنشيط النمو العصبي، وتفعيل آليات الحماية. والمنعکسات هي أول وأقدم الأنماط الوراثية الحرکية السلوکية، والتي يجب دمجها في قدرات ومهارات حسية حرکية عالية التحکم، لتوفير معالجة أو فک تشفير المدخلات والبرمجة والتحکم في الأعمال الحرکية والسلوکية والذاکرة والتعلم واللغة والتواصل. وهکذا فإن أنماط المنعکسات الناضجة تخلق الأساس العصبي الفسيولوجي للتنمية والتعلم؛ في حين أن التطور الضعيف للمنعکسات يؤدي إلى عدم تکامل الحواس، والحرکات والاستجابات التفاعلية، والسلوک، والافتقار إلى التحکم الوضعي، وسوء البرمجة والتنسيق الحرکي والتي تؤثر سلبا على الدوافع والإنجاز . وتعتمد منهجية ماسجوتوفا على تمارين وتقنيات تسمى إعادة رسم النمط المنعکس؛ والتي تعني إعادة التعليم، وإعادة الترميز، وإعادة توجيه المسارات العصبية المحددة، لأنماط المنعکسات الديناميکية والوضعية الأولية. حيث أن استثارة هذه المسارات العصبية تهدف إلى تقوية وتثبيت الذکريات الحسية الجنينية، وتفعيل الآليات الدفاعية الفطرية لنظام "إنذار " الجسم في الدماغ . ومنذ أن دخلت منهجية ماسجوتوفا إلى مصر ومنها إلى الوطن العربي منتصف عام 2015 تتعرض لأوجه من النقد، أغلبه لعدم توافر المعلومات اللازمة عنها، وللتأويل الخاطئ لبعض أساليبها. وفي هذا البحث حاولت تفنيد صور النقد بطريقة علمية ومنهجية تستند على رصيد من الخبرة العملية والممارسة التطبيقية في مجال تأهيل الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة.

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